All of the chemical products and processes created by the chemical achievers described in this web site had to be scaled up from the laboratory to the industrial plant to give them commercial importance. Scaling up was traditionally carried out by chemists—often industrial chemists specially trained in the chemistry of industrial processes—working with mechanical engineers. The notion of a new kind of engineer, one who understood both chemical processes and mechanical equipment, was first broached in England around 1880. The idea first took firm root, however, in the United States in the 1890s.